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RayTracer.h
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1 // Copyright Contributors to the OpenVDB Project
2 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
3 
4 /// @file RayTracer.h
5 ///
6 /// @author Ken Museth
7 ///
8 /// @brief Defines two simple but multithreaded renders, a level-set
9 /// ray tracer and a volume render. To support these renders we also define
10 /// perspective and orthographic cameras (both designed to mimic a Houdini camera),
11 /// a Film class and some rather naive shaders.
12 ///
13 /// @note These classes are included mainly as reference implementations for
14 /// ray-tracing of OpenVDB volumes. In other words they are not intended for
15 /// production-quality rendering, but could be used for fast pre-visualization
16 /// or as a starting point for a more serious render.
17 
18 #ifndef OPENVDB_TOOLS_RAYTRACER_HAS_BEEN_INCLUDED
19 #define OPENVDB_TOOLS_RAYTRACER_HAS_BEEN_INCLUDED
20 
21 #include <openvdb/Types.h>
22 #include <openvdb/math/BBox.h>
23 #include <openvdb/math/Ray.h>
24 #include <openvdb/math/Math.h>
27 #include <openvdb/openvdb.h>
28 #include <deque>
29 #include <iostream>
30 #include <fstream>
31 #include <limits>
32 #include <memory>
33 #include <string>
34 #include <type_traits>
35 #include <vector>
36 
37 namespace openvdb {
39 namespace OPENVDB_VERSION_NAME {
40 namespace tools {
41 
42 // Forward declarations
43 class BaseCamera;
44 class BaseShader;
45 
46 /// @brief Ray-trace a volume.
47 template<typename GridT>
48 void rayTrace(const GridT&,
49  const BaseShader&,
50  BaseCamera&,
51  size_t pixelSamples = 1,
52  unsigned int seed = 0,
53  bool threaded = true);
54 
55 /// @brief Ray-trace a volume using a given ray intersector.
56 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
57 void rayTrace(const GridT&,
58  const IntersectorT&,
59  const BaseShader&,
60  BaseCamera&,
61  size_t pixelSamples = 1,
62  unsigned int seed = 0,
63  bool threaded = true);
64 
65 
66 ///////////////////////////////LEVEL SET RAY TRACER ///////////////////////////////////////
67 
68 /// @brief A (very) simple multithreaded ray tracer specifically for narrow-band level sets.
69 /// @details Included primarily as a reference implementation.
70 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT = tools::LevelSetRayIntersector<GridT> >
72 {
73 public:
74  using GridType = GridT;
75  using Vec3Type = typename IntersectorT::Vec3Type;
76  using RayType = typename IntersectorT::RayType;
77 
78  /// @brief Constructor based on an instance of the grid to be rendered.
79  LevelSetRayTracer(const GridT& grid,
80  const BaseShader& shader,
81  BaseCamera& camera,
82  size_t pixelSamples = 1,
83  unsigned int seed = 0);
84 
85  /// @brief Constructor based on an instance of the intersector
86  /// performing the ray-intersections.
87  LevelSetRayTracer(const IntersectorT& inter,
88  const BaseShader& shader,
89  BaseCamera& camera,
90  size_t pixelSamples = 1,
91  unsigned int seed = 0);
92 
93  /// @brief Copy constructor
95 
96  /// @brief Destructor
98 
99  /// @brief Set the level set grid to be ray-traced
100  void setGrid(const GridT& grid);
101 
102  /// @brief Set the intersector that performs the actual
103  /// intersection of the rays against the narrow-band level set.
104  void setIntersector(const IntersectorT& inter);
105 
106  /// @brief Set the shader derived from the abstract BaseShader class.
107  ///
108  /// @note The shader is not assumed to be thread-safe so each
109  /// thread will get its only deep copy. For instance it could
110  /// contains a ValueAccessor into another grid with auxiliary
111  /// shading information. Thus, make sure it is relatively
112  /// light-weight and efficient to copy (which is the case for ValueAccesors).
113  void setShader(const BaseShader& shader);
114 
115  /// @brief Set the camera derived from the abstract BaseCamera class.
116  void setCamera(BaseCamera& camera);
117 
118  /// @brief Set the number of pixel samples and the seed for
119  /// jittered sub-rays. A value larger than one implies
120  /// anti-aliasing by jittered super-sampling.
121  /// @throw ValueError if pixelSamples is equal to zero.
122  void setPixelSamples(size_t pixelSamples, unsigned int seed = 0);
123 
124  /// @brief Perform the actual (potentially multithreaded) ray-tracing.
125  void render(bool threaded = true) const;
126 
127  /// @brief Public method required by tbb::parallel_for.
128  /// @warning Never call it directly.
129  void operator()(const tbb::blocked_range<size_t>& range) const;
130 
131 private:
132  const bool mIsMaster;
133  double* mRand;
134  IntersectorT mInter;
135  std::unique_ptr<const BaseShader> mShader;
136  BaseCamera* mCamera;
137  size_t mSubPixels;
138 };// LevelSetRayTracer
139 
140 
141 ///////////////////////////////VOLUME RENDER ///////////////////////////////////////
142 
143 /// @brief A (very) simple multithreaded volume render specifically for scalar density.
144 /// @details Included primarily as a reference implementation.
145 /// @note It will only compile if the IntersectorT is templated on a Grid with a
146 /// floating-point voxel type.
147 template <typename IntersectorT, typename SamplerT = tools::BoxSampler>
149 {
150 public:
151 
153  using RayType = typename IntersectorT::RayType;
154  using ValueType = typename GridType::ValueType;
155  using AccessorType = typename GridType::ConstAccessor;
158  "VolumeRender requires a floating-point-valued grid");
159 
160  /// @brief Constructor taking an intersector and a base camera.
161  VolumeRender(const IntersectorT& inter, BaseCamera& camera);
162 
163  /// @brief Copy constructor which creates a thread-safe clone
164  VolumeRender(const VolumeRender& other);
165 
166  /// @brief Perform the actual (potentially multithreaded) volume rendering.
167  void render(bool threaded=true) const;
168 
169  /// @brief Set the camera derived from the abstract BaseCamera class.
170  void setCamera(BaseCamera& camera) { mCamera = &camera; }
171 
172  /// @brief Set the intersector that performs the actual
173  /// intersection of the rays against the volume.
174  void setIntersector(const IntersectorT& inter);
175 
176  /// @brief Set the vector components of a directional light source
177  /// @throw ArithmeticError if input is a null vector.
178  void setLightDir(Real x, Real y, Real z) { mLightDir = Vec3R(x,y,z).unit(); }
179 
180  /// @brief Set the color of the directional light source.
181  void setLightColor(Real r, Real g, Real b) { mLightColor = Vec3R(r,g,b); }
182 
183  /// @brief Set the integration step-size in voxel units for the primay ray.
184  void setPrimaryStep(Real primaryStep) { mPrimaryStep = primaryStep; }
185 
186  /// @brief Set the integration step-size in voxel units for the primay ray.
187  void setShadowStep(Real shadowStep) { mShadowStep = shadowStep; }
188 
189  /// @brief Set Scattering coefficients.
190  void setScattering(Real x, Real y, Real z) { mScattering = Vec3R(x,y,z); }
191 
192  /// @brief Set absorption coefficients.
193  void setAbsorption(Real x, Real y, Real z) { mAbsorption = Vec3R(x,y,z); }
194 
195  /// @brief Set parameter that imitates multi-scattering. A value
196  /// of zero implies no multi-scattering.
197  void setLightGain(Real gain) { mLightGain = gain; }
198 
199  /// @brief Set the cut-off value for density and transmittance.
200  void setCutOff(Real cutOff) { mCutOff = cutOff; }
201 
202  /// @brief Print parameters, statistics, memory usage and other information.
203  /// @param os a stream to which to write textual information
204  /// @param verboseLevel 1: print parameters only; 2: include grid
205  /// statistics; 3: include memory usage
206  void print(std::ostream& os = std::cout, int verboseLevel = 1);
207 
208  /// @brief Public method required by tbb::parallel_for.
209  /// @warning Never call it directly.
210  void operator()(const tbb::blocked_range<size_t>& range) const;
211 
212 private:
213 
214  AccessorType mAccessor;
215  BaseCamera* mCamera;
216  std::unique_ptr<IntersectorT> mPrimary, mShadow;
217  Real mPrimaryStep, mShadowStep, mCutOff, mLightGain;
218  Vec3R mLightDir, mLightColor, mAbsorption, mScattering;
219 };//VolumeRender
220 
221 //////////////////////////////////////// FILM ////////////////////////////////////////
222 
223 /// @brief A simple class that allows for concurrent writes to pixels in an image,
224 /// background initialization of the image, and PPM file output.
225 class Film
226 {
227 public:
228  /// @brief Floating-point RGBA components in the range [0, 1].
229  /// @details This is our preferred representation for color processing.
230  struct RGBA
231  {
232  using ValueT = float;
233 
234  RGBA() : r(0), g(0), b(0), a(1) {}
235  explicit RGBA(ValueT intensity) : r(intensity), g(intensity), b(intensity), a(1) {}
236  RGBA(ValueT _r, ValueT _g, ValueT _b, ValueT _a = static_cast<ValueT>(1.0)):
237  r(_r), g(_g), b(_b), a(_a)
238  {}
239  RGBA(double _r, double _g, double _b, double _a = 1.0)
240  : r(static_cast<ValueT>(_r))
241  , g(static_cast<ValueT>(_g))
242  , b(static_cast<ValueT>(_b))
243  , a(static_cast<ValueT>(_a))
244  {}
245 
246  RGBA operator* (ValueT scale) const { return RGBA(r*scale, g*scale, b*scale);}
247  RGBA operator+ (const RGBA& rhs) const { return RGBA(r+rhs.r, g+rhs.g, b+rhs.b);}
248  RGBA operator* (const RGBA& rhs) const { return RGBA(r*rhs.r, g*rhs.g, b*rhs.b);}
249  RGBA& operator+=(const RGBA& rhs) { r+=rhs.r; g+=rhs.g; b+=rhs.b; a+=rhs.a; return *this;}
250 
251  void over(const RGBA& rhs)
252  {
253  const float s = rhs.a*(1.0f-a);
254  r = a*r+s*rhs.r;
255  g = a*g+s*rhs.g;
256  b = a*b+s*rhs.b;
257  a = a + s;
258  }
259 
260  ValueT r, g, b, a;
261  };
262 
263 
264  Film(size_t width, size_t height)
265  : mWidth(width), mHeight(height), mSize(width*height), mPixels(new RGBA[mSize])
266  {
267  }
268  Film(size_t width, size_t height, const RGBA& bg)
269  : mWidth(width), mHeight(height), mSize(width*height), mPixels(new RGBA[mSize])
270  {
271  this->fill(bg);
272  }
273 
274  const RGBA& pixel(size_t w, size_t h) const
275  {
276  assert(w < mWidth);
277  assert(h < mHeight);
278  return mPixels[w + h*mWidth];
279  }
280 
281  RGBA& pixel(size_t w, size_t h)
282  {
283  assert(w < mWidth);
284  assert(h < mHeight);
285  return mPixels[w + h*mWidth];
286  }
287 
288  void fill(const RGBA& rgb=RGBA(0)) { for (size_t i=0; i<mSize; ++i) mPixels[i] = rgb; }
289  void checkerboard(const RGBA& c1=RGBA(0.3f), const RGBA& c2=RGBA(0.6f), size_t size=32)
290  {
291  RGBA *p = mPixels.get();
292  for (size_t j = 0; j < mHeight; ++j) {
293  for (size_t i = 0; i < mWidth; ++i, ++p) {
294  *p = ((i & size) ^ (j & size)) ? c1 : c2;
295  }
296  }
297  }
298 
299  template <typename Type = unsigned char>
300  std::unique_ptr<Type[]> convertToBitBuffer(const bool alpha = true) const
301  {
302  const size_t totalSize = mSize * (alpha ? 4 : 3);
303  std::unique_ptr<Type[]> buffer(new Type[totalSize]);
304  Type *q = buffer.get();
305  const RGBA* p = this->pixels();
306  size_t n = mSize;
307  while (n--) {
308  *q++ = static_cast<Type>(255.0f*(*p).r);
309  *q++ = static_cast<Type>(255.0f*(*p).g);
310  *q++ = static_cast<Type>(255.0f*(*p).b);
311  if(alpha)
312  *q++ = static_cast<Type>(255.0f*(*p).a);
313  ++p;
314  }
315  return buffer;
316  }
317 
318  void savePPM(const std::string& fileName)
319  {
320  std::string name(fileName);
321  if (name.find_last_of(".") == std::string::npos) name.append(".ppm");
322 
323  std::ofstream os(name.c_str(), std::ios_base::binary);
324  if (!os.is_open()) {
325  std::cerr << "Error opening PPM file \"" << name << "\"" << std::endl;
326  return;
327  }
328 
329  auto buf = this->convertToBitBuffer<unsigned char>(/*alpha=*/false);
330  unsigned char* tmp = buf.get();
331 
332  os << "P6\n" << mWidth << " " << mHeight << "\n255\n";
333  os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&(*tmp)), 3 * mSize * sizeof(unsigned char));
334  }
335 
336  size_t width() const { return mWidth; }
337  size_t height() const { return mHeight; }
338  size_t numPixels() const { return mSize; }
339  const RGBA* pixels() const { return mPixels.get(); }
340 
341 private:
342  size_t mWidth, mHeight, mSize;
343  std::unique_ptr<RGBA[]> mPixels;
344 };// Film
345 
346 
347 //////////////////////////////////////// CAMERAS ////////////////////////////////////////
348 
349 /// Abstract base class for the perspective and orthographic cameras
351 {
352 public:
353  BaseCamera(Film& film, const Vec3R& rotation, const Vec3R& translation,
354  double frameWidth, double nearPlane, double farPlane)
355  : mFilm(&film)
356  , mScaleWidth(frameWidth)
357  , mScaleHeight(frameWidth * double(film.height()) / double(film.width()))
358  {
359  assert(nearPlane > 0 && farPlane > nearPlane);
360  mScreenToWorld.accumPostRotation(math::X_AXIS, rotation[0] * math::pi<double>() / 180.0);
361  mScreenToWorld.accumPostRotation(math::Y_AXIS, rotation[1] * math::pi<double>() / 180.0);
362  mScreenToWorld.accumPostRotation(math::Z_AXIS, rotation[2] * math::pi<double>() / 180.0);
364  this->initRay(nearPlane, farPlane);
365  }
366 
367  virtual ~BaseCamera() {}
368 
369  Film::RGBA& pixel(size_t i, size_t j) { return mFilm->pixel(i, j); }
370 
371  size_t width() const { return mFilm->width(); }
372  size_t height() const { return mFilm->height(); }
373 
374  /// Rotate the camera so its negative z-axis points at xyz and its
375  /// y axis is in the plane of the xyz and up vectors. In other
376  /// words the camera will look at xyz and use up as the
377  /// horizontal direction.
378  void lookAt(const Vec3R& xyz, const Vec3R& up = Vec3R(0.0, 1.0, 0.0))
379  {
380  const Vec3R orig = mScreenToWorld.applyMap(Vec3R(0.0));
381  const Vec3R dir = orig - xyz;
382  try {
383  Mat4d xform = math::aim<Mat4d>(dir, up);
384  xform.postTranslate(orig);
386  this->initRay(mRay.t0(), mRay.t1());
387  } catch (...) {}
388  }
389 
390  Vec3R rasterToScreen(double i, double j, double z) const
391  {
392  return Vec3R( (2 * i / double(mFilm->width()) - 1) * mScaleWidth,
393  (1 - 2 * j / double(mFilm->height())) * mScaleHeight, z );
394  }
395 
396  /// @brief Return a Ray in world space given the pixel indices and
397  /// optional offsets in the range [0, 1]. An offset of 0.5 corresponds
398  /// to the center of the pixel.
399  virtual math::Ray<double> getRay(
400  size_t i, size_t j, double iOffset = 0.5, double jOffset = 0.5) const = 0;
401 
402 protected:
403  void initRay(double t0, double t1)
404  {
405  mRay.setTimes(t0, t1);
407  mRay.setDir(mScreenToWorld.applyJacobian(Vec3R(0.0, 0.0, -1.0)));
408  }
409 
414 };// BaseCamera
415 
416 
418 {
419  public:
420  /// @brief Constructor
421  /// @param film film (i.e. image) defining the pixel resolution
422  /// @param rotation rotation in degrees of the camera in world space
423  /// (applied in x, y, z order)
424  /// @param translation translation of the camera in world-space units,
425  /// applied after rotation
426  /// @param focalLength focal length of the camera in mm
427  /// (the default of 50mm corresponds to Houdini's default camera)
428  /// @param aperture width in mm of the frame, i.e., the visible field
429  /// (the default 41.2136 mm corresponds to Houdini's default camera)
430  /// @param nearPlane depth of the near clipping plane in world-space units
431  /// @param farPlane depth of the far clipping plane in world-space units
432  ///
433  /// @details If no rotation or translation is provided, the camera is placed
434  /// at (0,0,0) in world space and points in the direction of the negative z axis.
436  const Vec3R& rotation = Vec3R(0.0),
437  const Vec3R& translation = Vec3R(0.0),
438  double focalLength = 50.0,
439  double aperture = 41.2136,
440  double nearPlane = 1e-3,
441  double farPlane = std::numeric_limits<double>::max())
442  : BaseCamera(film, rotation, translation, 0.5*aperture/focalLength, nearPlane, farPlane)
443  {
444  }
445 
446  ~PerspectiveCamera() override = default;
447 
448  /// @brief Return a Ray in world space given the pixel indices and
449  /// optional offsets in the range [0,1]. An offset of 0.5 corresponds
450  /// to the center of the pixel.
452  size_t i, size_t j, double iOffset = 0.5, double jOffset = 0.5) const override
453  {
454  math::Ray<double> ray(mRay);
455  Vec3R dir = BaseCamera::rasterToScreen(Real(i) + iOffset, Real(j) + jOffset, -1.0);
457  dir.normalize();
458  ray.scaleTimes(1.0/dir.dot(ray.dir()));
459  ray.setDir(dir);
460  return ray;
461  }
462 
463  /// @brief Return the horizontal field of view in degrees given a
464  /// focal lenth in mm and the specified aperture in mm.
465  static double focalLengthToFieldOfView(double length, double aperture)
466  {
467  return 360.0 / math::pi<double>() * atan(aperture/(2.0*length));
468  }
469  /// @brief Return the focal length in mm given a horizontal field of
470  /// view in degrees and the specified aperture in mm.
471  static double fieldOfViewToFocalLength(double fov, double aperture)
472  {
473  return aperture/(2.0*(tan(fov * math::pi<double>() / 360.0)));
474  }
475 };// PerspectiveCamera
476 
477 
479 {
480 public:
481  /// @brief Constructor
482  /// @param film film (i.e. image) defining the pixel resolution
483  /// @param rotation rotation in degrees of the camera in world space
484  /// (applied in x, y, z order)
485  /// @param translation translation of the camera in world-space units,
486  /// applied after rotation
487  /// @param frameWidth width in of the frame in world-space units
488  /// @param nearPlane depth of the near clipping plane in world-space units
489  /// @param farPlane depth of the far clipping plane in world-space units
490  ///
491  /// @details If no rotation or translation is provided, the camera is placed
492  /// at (0,0,0) in world space and points in the direction of the negative z axis.
494  const Vec3R& rotation = Vec3R(0.0),
495  const Vec3R& translation = Vec3R(0.0),
496  double frameWidth = 1.0,
497  double nearPlane = 1e-3,
498  double farPlane = std::numeric_limits<double>::max())
499  : BaseCamera(film, rotation, translation, 0.5*frameWidth, nearPlane, farPlane)
500  {
501  }
502  ~OrthographicCamera() override = default;
503 
505  size_t i, size_t j, double iOffset = 0.5, double jOffset = 0.5) const override
506  {
507  math::Ray<double> ray(mRay);
508  Vec3R eye = BaseCamera::rasterToScreen(Real(i) + iOffset, Real(j) + jOffset, 0.0);
509  ray.setEye(BaseCamera::mScreenToWorld.applyMap(eye));
510  return ray;
511  }
512 };// OrthographicCamera
513 
514 
515 //////////////////////////////////////// SHADERS ////////////////////////////////////////
516 
517 
518 /// Abstract base class for the shaders
520 {
521 public:
524  BaseShader(const BaseShader&) = default;
525  virtual ~BaseShader() = default;
526  /// @brief Defines the interface of the virtual function that returns a RGB color.
527  /// @param xyz World position of the intersection point.
528  /// @param nml Normal in world space at the intersection point.
529  /// @param dir Direction of the ray in world space.
530  virtual Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R& xyz, const Vec3R& nml, const Vec3R& dir) const = 0;
531  virtual BaseShader* copy() const = 0;
532 };
533 
534 
535 /// @brief Shader that produces a simple matte.
536 ///
537 /// @details The color can either be constant (if GridT =
538 /// Film::RGBA which is the default) or defined in a separate Vec3
539 /// color grid. Use SamplerType to define the order of interpolation
540 /// (default is zero order, i.e. closes-point).
541 template<typename GridT = Film::RGBA,
542  typename SamplerType = tools::PointSampler>
543 class MatteShader: public BaseShader
544 {
545 public:
546  MatteShader(const GridT& grid) : mAcc(grid.getAccessor()), mXform(&grid.transform()) {}
547  MatteShader(const MatteShader&) = default;
548  ~MatteShader() override = default;
549  Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R& xyz, const Vec3R&, const Vec3R&) const override
550  {
551  typename GridT::ValueType v = zeroVal<typename GridT::ValueType>();
552  SamplerType::sample(mAcc, mXform->worldToIndex(xyz), v);
553  return Film::RGBA(v[0], v[1], v[2]);
554  }
555  BaseShader* copy() const override { return new MatteShader<GridT, SamplerType>(*this); }
556 
557 private:
558  typename GridT::ConstAccessor mAcc;
559  const math::Transform* mXform;
560 };
561 
562 // Template specialization using a constant color of the material.
563 template<typename SamplerType>
564 class MatteShader<Film::RGBA, SamplerType>: public BaseShader
565 {
566 public:
567  MatteShader(const Film::RGBA& c = Film::RGBA(1.0f)): mRGBA(c) {}
568  MatteShader(const MatteShader&) = default;
569  ~MatteShader() override = default;
570  Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R&, const Vec3R&, const Vec3R&) const override
571  {
572  return mRGBA;
573  }
574  BaseShader* copy() const override { return new MatteShader<Film::RGBA, SamplerType>(*this); }
575 
576 private:
577  const Film::RGBA mRGBA;
578 };
579 
580 
581 /// @brief Color shader that treats the surface normal (x, y, z) as an
582 /// RGB color.
583 ///
584 /// @details The color can either be constant (if GridT =
585 /// Film::RGBA which is the default) or defined in a separate Vec3
586 /// color grid. Use SamplerType to define the order of interpolation
587 /// (default is zero order, i.e. closes-point).
588 template<typename GridT = Film::RGBA,
589  typename SamplerType = tools::PointSampler>
591 {
592 public:
593  NormalShader(const GridT& grid) : mAcc(grid.getAccessor()), mXform(&grid.transform()) {}
594  NormalShader(const NormalShader&) = default;
595  ~NormalShader() override = default;
596  Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R& xyz, const Vec3R& normal, const Vec3R&) const override
597  {
598  typename GridT::ValueType v = zeroVal<typename GridT::ValueType>();
599  SamplerType::sample(mAcc, mXform->worldToIndex(xyz), v);
600  return Film::RGBA(v[0]*(normal[0]+1.0), v[1]*(normal[1]+1.0), v[2]*(normal[2]+1.0));
601  }
602  BaseShader* copy() const override { return new NormalShader<GridT, SamplerType>(*this); }
603 
604 private:
605  typename GridT::ConstAccessor mAcc;
606  const math::Transform* mXform;
607 };
608 
609 // Template specialization using a constant color of the material.
610 template<typename SamplerType>
611 class NormalShader<Film::RGBA, SamplerType>: public BaseShader
612 {
613 public:
614  NormalShader(const Film::RGBA& c = Film::RGBA(1.0f)) : mRGBA(c*0.5f) {}
615  NormalShader(const NormalShader&) = default;
616  ~NormalShader() override = default;
617  Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R&, const Vec3R& normal, const Vec3R&) const override
618  {
619  return mRGBA * Film::RGBA(normal[0] + 1.0, normal[1] + 1.0, normal[2] + 1.0);
620  }
621  BaseShader* copy() const override { return new NormalShader<Film::RGBA, SamplerType>(*this); }
622 
623 private:
624  const Film::RGBA mRGBA;
625 };
626 
627 
628 /// @brief Color shader that treats position (x, y, z) as an RGB color in a
629 /// cube defined from an axis-aligned bounding box in world space.
630 ///
631 /// @details The color can either be constant (if GridT =
632 /// Film::RGBA which is the default) or defined in a separate Vec3
633 /// color grid. Use SamplerType to define the order of interpolation
634 /// (default is zero order, i.e. closes-point).
635 template<typename GridT = Film::RGBA,
636  typename SamplerType = tools::PointSampler>
638 {
639 public:
640  PositionShader(const math::BBox<Vec3R>& bbox, const GridT& grid)
641  : mMin(bbox.min())
642  , mInvDim(1.0/bbox.extents())
643  , mAcc(grid.getAccessor())
644  , mXform(&grid.transform())
645  {
646  }
647  PositionShader(const PositionShader&) = default;
648  ~PositionShader() override = default;
649  Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R& xyz, const Vec3R&, const Vec3R&) const override
650  {
651  typename GridT::ValueType v = zeroVal<typename GridT::ValueType>();
652  SamplerType::sample(mAcc, mXform->worldToIndex(xyz), v);
653  const Vec3R rgb = (xyz - mMin) * mInvDim;
654  return Film::RGBA(v[0],v[1],v[2]) * Film::RGBA(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]);
655  }
656  BaseShader* copy() const override { return new PositionShader<GridT, SamplerType>(*this); }
657 
658 private:
659  const Vec3R mMin, mInvDim;
660  typename GridT::ConstAccessor mAcc;
661  const math::Transform* mXform;
662 };
663 
664 // Template specialization using a constant color of the material.
665 template<typename SamplerType>
666 class PositionShader<Film::RGBA, SamplerType>: public BaseShader
667 {
668 public:
670  : mMin(bbox.min()), mInvDim(1.0/bbox.extents()), mRGBA(c) {}
671  PositionShader(const PositionShader&) = default;
672  ~PositionShader() override = default;
673  Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R& xyz, const Vec3R&, const Vec3R&) const override
674  {
675  const Vec3R rgb = (xyz - mMin)*mInvDim;
676  return mRGBA*Film::RGBA(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]);
677  }
678  BaseShader* copy() const override { return new PositionShader<Film::RGBA, SamplerType>(*this); }
679 
680 private:
681  const Vec3R mMin, mInvDim;
682  const Film::RGBA mRGBA;
683 };
684 
685 
686 /// @brief Simple diffuse Lambertian surface shader.
687 ///
688 /// @details The diffuse color can either be constant (if GridT =
689 /// Film::RGBA which is the default) or defined in a separate Vec3
690 /// color grid. Lambertian implies that the (radiant) intensity is
691 /// directly proportional to the cosine of the angle between the
692 /// surface normal and the direction of the light source. Use
693 /// SamplerType to define the order of interpolation (default is
694 /// zero order, i.e. closes-point).
695 template<typename GridT = Film::RGBA,
696  typename SamplerType = tools::PointSampler>
698 {
699 public:
700  DiffuseShader(const GridT& grid): mAcc(grid.getAccessor()), mXform(&grid.transform()) {}
701  DiffuseShader(const DiffuseShader&) = default;
702  ~DiffuseShader() override = default;
703  Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R& xyz, const Vec3R& normal, const Vec3R& rayDir) const override
704  {
705  typename GridT::ValueType v = zeroVal<typename GridT::ValueType>();
706  SamplerType::sample(mAcc, mXform->worldToIndex(xyz), v);
707  // We take the abs of the dot product corresponding to having
708  // light sources at +/- rayDir, i.e., two-sided shading.
709  return Film::RGBA(v[0],v[1],v[2])
710  * static_cast<Film::RGBA::ValueT>(math::Abs(normal.dot(rayDir)));
711  }
712  BaseShader* copy() const override { return new DiffuseShader<GridT, SamplerType>(*this); }
713 
714 private:
715  typename GridT::ConstAccessor mAcc;
716  const math::Transform* mXform;
717 };
718 
719 // Template specialization using a constant color of the material.
720 template <typename SamplerType>
721 class DiffuseShader<Film::RGBA, SamplerType>: public BaseShader
722 {
723 public:
724  DiffuseShader(const Film::RGBA& d = Film::RGBA(1.0f)): mRGBA(d) {}
725  DiffuseShader(const DiffuseShader&) = default;
726  ~DiffuseShader() override = default;
727  Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R&, const Vec3R& normal, const Vec3R& rayDir) const override
728  {
729  // We assume a single directional light source at the camera,
730  // so the cosine of the angle between the surface normal and the
731  // direction of the light source becomes the dot product of the
732  // surface normal and inverse direction of the ray. We also ignore
733  // negative dot products, corresponding to strict one-sided shading.
734  //return mRGBA * math::Max(0.0, normal.dot(-rayDir));
735 
736  // We take the abs of the dot product corresponding to having
737  // light sources at +/- rayDir, i.e., two-sided shading.
738  return mRGBA * static_cast<Film::RGBA::ValueT>(math::Abs(normal.dot(rayDir)));
739  }
740  BaseShader* copy() const override { return new DiffuseShader<Film::RGBA, SamplerType>(*this); }
741 
742 private:
743  const Film::RGBA mRGBA;
744 };
745 
746 
747 //////////////////////////////////////// RAYTRACER ////////////////////////////////////////
748 
749 template<typename GridT>
750 void rayTrace(const GridT& grid,
751  const BaseShader& shader,
752  BaseCamera& camera,
753  size_t pixelSamples,
754  unsigned int seed,
755  bool threaded)
756 {
758  tracer(grid, shader, camera, pixelSamples, seed);
759  tracer.render(threaded);
760 }
761 
762 
763 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
764 void rayTrace(const GridT&,
765  const IntersectorT& inter,
766  const BaseShader& shader,
767  BaseCamera& camera,
768  size_t pixelSamples,
769  unsigned int seed,
770  bool threaded)
771 {
772  LevelSetRayTracer<GridT, IntersectorT> tracer(inter, shader, camera, pixelSamples, seed);
773  tracer.render(threaded);
774 }
775 
776 
777 //////////////////////////////////////// LevelSetRayTracer ////////////////////////////////////////
778 
779 
780 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
782 LevelSetRayTracer(const GridT& grid,
783  const BaseShader& shader,
784  BaseCamera& camera,
785  size_t pixelSamples,
786  unsigned int seed)
787  : mIsMaster(true),
788  mRand(nullptr),
789  mInter(grid),
790  mShader(shader.copy()),
791  mCamera(&camera)
792 {
793  this->setPixelSamples(pixelSamples, seed);
794 }
795 
796 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
798 LevelSetRayTracer(const IntersectorT& inter,
799  const BaseShader& shader,
800  BaseCamera& camera,
801  size_t pixelSamples,
802  unsigned int seed)
803  : mIsMaster(true),
804  mRand(nullptr),
805  mInter(inter),
806  mShader(shader.copy()),
807  mCamera(&camera)
808 {
809  this->setPixelSamples(pixelSamples, seed);
810 }
811 
812 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
815  mIsMaster(false),
816  mRand(other.mRand),
817  mInter(other.mInter),
818  mShader(other.mShader->copy()),
819  mCamera(other.mCamera),
820  mSubPixels(other.mSubPixels)
821 {
822 }
823 
824 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
827 {
828  if (mIsMaster) delete [] mRand;
829 }
830 
831 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
833 setGrid(const GridT& grid)
834 {
835  assert(mIsMaster);
836  mInter = IntersectorT(grid);
837 }
838 
839 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
841 setIntersector(const IntersectorT& inter)
842 {
843  assert(mIsMaster);
844  mInter = inter;
845 }
846 
847 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
850 {
851  assert(mIsMaster);
852  mShader.reset(shader.copy());
853 }
854 
855 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
858 {
859  assert(mIsMaster);
860  mCamera = &camera;
861 }
862 
863 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
865 setPixelSamples(size_t pixelSamples, unsigned int seed)
866 {
867  assert(mIsMaster);
868  if (pixelSamples == 0) {
869  OPENVDB_THROW(ValueError, "pixelSamples must be larger than zero!");
870  }
871  mSubPixels = pixelSamples - 1;
872  delete [] mRand;
873  if (mSubPixels > 0) {
874  mRand = new double[16];
875  math::Rand01<double> rand(seed);//offsets for anti-aliaing by jittered super-sampling
876  for (size_t i=0; i<16; ++i) mRand[i] = rand();
877  } else {
878  mRand = nullptr;
879  }
880 }
881 
882 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
884 render(bool threaded) const
885 {
886  tbb::blocked_range<size_t> range(0, mCamera->height());
887  threaded ? tbb::parallel_for(range, *this) : (*this)(range);
888 }
889 
890 template<typename GridT, typename IntersectorT>
892 operator()(const tbb::blocked_range<size_t>& range) const
893 {
894  const BaseShader& shader = *mShader;
895  Vec3Type xyz, nml;
896  const float frac = 1.0f / (1.0f + float(mSubPixels));
897  for (size_t j=range.begin(), n=0, je = range.end(); j<je; ++j) {
898  for (size_t i=0, ie = mCamera->width(); i<ie; ++i) {
899  Film::RGBA& bg = mCamera->pixel(i,j);
900  RayType ray = mCamera->getRay(i, j);//primary ray
901  Film::RGBA c = mInter.intersectsWS(ray, xyz, nml) ? shader(xyz, nml, ray.dir()) : bg;
902  for (size_t k=0; k<mSubPixels; ++k, n +=2 ) {
903  ray = mCamera->getRay(i, j, mRand[n & 15], mRand[(n+1) & 15]);
904  c += mInter.intersectsWS(ray, xyz, nml) ? shader(xyz, nml, ray.dir()) : bg;
905  }//loop over sub-pixels
906  bg = c*frac;
907  }//loop over image height
908  }//loop over image width
909 }
910 
911 //////////////////////////////////////// VolumeRender ////////////////////////////////////////
912 
913 template<typename IntersectorT, typename SampleT>
915 VolumeRender(const IntersectorT& inter, BaseCamera& camera)
916  : mAccessor(inter.grid().getConstAccessor())
917  , mCamera(&camera)
918  , mPrimary(new IntersectorT(inter))
919  , mShadow(new IntersectorT(inter))
920  , mPrimaryStep(1.0)
921  , mShadowStep(3.0)
922  , mCutOff(0.005)
923  , mLightGain(0.2)
924  , mLightDir(Vec3R(0.3, 0.3, 0).unit())
925  , mLightColor(0.7, 0.7, 0.7)
926  , mAbsorption(0.1)
927  , mScattering(1.5)
928 {
929 }
930 
931 template<typename IntersectorT, typename SampleT>
934  : mAccessor(other.mAccessor)
935  , mCamera(other.mCamera)
936  , mPrimary(new IntersectorT(*(other.mPrimary)))
937  , mShadow(new IntersectorT(*(other.mShadow)))
938  , mPrimaryStep(other.mPrimaryStep)
939  , mShadowStep(other.mShadowStep)
940  , mCutOff(other.mCutOff)
941  , mLightGain(other.mLightGain)
942  , mLightDir(other.mLightDir)
943  , mLightColor(other.mLightColor)
944  , mAbsorption(other.mAbsorption)
945  , mScattering(other.mScattering)
946 {
947 }
948 
949 template<typename IntersectorT, typename SampleT>
951 print(std::ostream& os, int verboseLevel)
952 {
953  if (verboseLevel>0) {
954  os << "\nPrimary step: " << mPrimaryStep
955  << "\nShadow step: " << mShadowStep
956  << "\nCutoff: " << mCutOff
957  << "\nLightGain: " << mLightGain
958  << "\nLightDir: " << mLightDir
959  << "\nLightColor: " << mLightColor
960  << "\nAbsorption: " << mAbsorption
961  << "\nScattering: " << mScattering << std::endl;
962  }
963  mPrimary->print(os, verboseLevel);
964 }
965 
966 template<typename IntersectorT, typename SampleT>
968 setIntersector(const IntersectorT& inter)
969 {
970  mPrimary.reset(new IntersectorT(inter));
971  mShadow.reset( new IntersectorT(inter));
972 }
973 
974 template<typename IntersectorT, typename SampleT>
976 render(bool threaded) const
977 {
978  tbb::blocked_range<size_t> range(0, mCamera->height());
979  threaded ? tbb::parallel_for(range, *this) : (*this)(range);
980 }
981 
982 template<typename IntersectorT, typename SampleT>
984 operator()(const tbb::blocked_range<size_t>& range) const
985 {
986  SamplerType sampler(mAccessor, mShadow->grid().transform());//light-weight wrapper
987 
988  // Any variable prefixed with p (or s) means it's associated with a primary (or shadow) ray
989  const Vec3R extinction = -mScattering-mAbsorption, One(1.0);
990  const Vec3R albedo = mLightColor*mScattering/(mScattering+mAbsorption);//single scattering
991  const Real sGain = mLightGain;//in-scattering along shadow ray
992  const Real pStep = mPrimaryStep;//Integration step along primary ray in voxel units
993  const Real sStep = mShadowStep;//Integration step along shadow ray in voxel units
994  const Real cutoff = mCutOff;//Cutoff for density and transmittance
995 
996  // For the sake of completeness we show how to use two different
997  // methods (hits/march) in VolumeRayIntersector that produce
998  // segments along the ray that intersects active values. Comment out
999  // the line below to use VolumeRayIntersector::march instead of
1000  // VolumeRayIntersector::hits.
1001 #define USE_HITS
1002 #ifdef USE_HITS
1003  std::vector<typename RayType::TimeSpan> pTS, sTS;
1004  //std::deque<typename RayType::TimeSpan> pTS, sTS;
1005 #endif
1006 
1007  RayType sRay(Vec3R(0), mLightDir);//Shadow ray
1008  for (size_t j=range.begin(), je = range.end(); j<je; ++j) {
1009  for (size_t i=0, ie = mCamera->width(); i<ie; ++i) {
1010  Film::RGBA& bg = mCamera->pixel(i, j);
1011  bg.a = bg.r = bg.g = bg.b = 0;
1012  RayType pRay = mCamera->getRay(i, j);// Primary ray
1013  if( !mPrimary->setWorldRay(pRay)) continue;
1014  Vec3R pTrans(1.0), pLumi(0.0);
1015 #ifndef USE_HITS
1016  Real pT0, pT1;
1017  while (mPrimary->march(pT0, pT1)) {
1018  for (Real pT = pStep*ceil(pT0/pStep); pT <= pT1; pT += pStep) {
1019 #else
1020  mPrimary->hits(pTS);
1021  for (size_t k=0; k<pTS.size(); ++k) {
1022  Real pT = pStep*ceil(pTS[k].t0/pStep), pT1=pTS[k].t1;
1023  for (; pT <= pT1; pT += pStep) {
1024 #endif
1025  Vec3R pPos = mPrimary->getWorldPos(pT);
1026  const Real density = sampler.wsSample(pPos);
1027  if (density < cutoff) continue;
1028  const Vec3R dT = math::Exp(extinction * density * pStep);
1029  Vec3R sTrans(1.0);
1030  sRay.setEye(pPos);
1031  if( !mShadow->setWorldRay(sRay)) continue;
1032 #ifndef USE_HITS
1033  Real sT0, sT1;
1034  while (mShadow->march(sT0, sT1)) {
1035  for (Real sT = sStep*ceil(sT0/sStep); sT <= sT1; sT+= sStep) {
1036 #else
1037  mShadow->hits(sTS);
1038  for (size_t l=0; l<sTS.size(); ++l) {
1039  Real sT = sStep*ceil(sTS[l].t0/sStep), sT1=sTS[l].t1;
1040  for (; sT <= sT1; sT+= sStep) {
1041 #endif
1042  const Real d = sampler.wsSample(mShadow->getWorldPos(sT));
1043  if (d < cutoff) continue;
1044  sTrans *= math::Exp(extinction * d * sStep/(1.0+sT*sGain));
1045  if (sTrans.lengthSqr()<cutoff) goto Luminance;//Terminate sRay
1046  }//Integration over shadow segment
1047  }// Shadow ray march
1048  Luminance:
1049  pLumi += albedo * sTrans * pTrans * (One-dT);
1050  pTrans *= dT;
1051  if (pTrans.lengthSqr()<cutoff) goto Pixel; // Terminate Ray
1052  }//Integration over primary segment
1053  }// Primary ray march
1054  Pixel:
1055  bg.r = static_cast<Film::RGBA::ValueT>(pLumi[0]);
1056  bg.g = static_cast<Film::RGBA::ValueT>(pLumi[1]);
1057  bg.b = static_cast<Film::RGBA::ValueT>(pLumi[2]);
1058  bg.a = static_cast<Film::RGBA::ValueT>(1.0f - pTrans.sum()/3.0f);
1059  }//Horizontal pixel scan
1060  }//Vertical pixel scan
1061 }
1062 
1063 
1064 ////////////////////////////////////////
1065 
1066 
1067 // Explicit Template Instantiation
1068 
1069 #ifdef OPENVDB_USE_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION
1070 
1071 #ifdef OPENVDB_INSTANTIATE_RAYTRACER
1073 #endif
1074 
1075 #define _FUNCTION(TreeT) \
1076  void rayTrace(const Grid<TreeT>&, const BaseShader&, BaseCamera&, size_t, unsigned int, bool)
1078 #undef _FUNCTION
1079 
1080 #define _FUNCTION(TreeT) \
1081  void rayTrace(const Grid<TreeT>&, const tools::LevelSetRayIntersector<Grid<TreeT>>&, const BaseShader&, BaseCamera&, size_t, unsigned int, bool)
1083 #undef _FUNCTION
1084 
1087 
1088 #endif // OPENVDB_USE_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION
1089 
1090 
1091 } // namespace tools
1092 } // namespace OPENVDB_VERSION_NAME
1093 } // namespace openvdb
1094 
1095 #endif // OPENVDB_TOOLS_RAYTRACER_HAS_BEEN_INCLUDED
Class that provides the interface for continuous sampling of values in a tree.
void parallel_for(int64_t start, int64_t end, std::function< void(int64_t index)> &&task, parallel_options opt=parallel_options(0, Split_Y, 1))
Definition: parallel.h:127
static double fieldOfViewToFocalLength(double fov, double aperture)
Return the focal length in mm given a horizontal field of view in degrees and the specified aperture ...
Definition: RayTracer.h:471
void render(bool threaded=true) const
Perform the actual (potentially multithreaded) volume rendering.
Definition: RayTracer.h:976
GLenum GLuint GLenum GLsizei const GLchar * buf
Definition: glcorearb.h:2540
Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R &xyz, const Vec3R &normal, const Vec3R &rayDir) const override
Defines the interface of the virtual function that returns a RGB color.
Definition: RayTracer.h:703
void setLightGain(Real gain)
Set parameter that imitates multi-scattering. A value of zero implies no multi-scattering.
Definition: RayTracer.h:197
static double focalLengthToFieldOfView(double length, double aperture)
Return the horizontal field of view in degrees given a focal lenth in mm and the specified aperture i...
Definition: RayTracer.h:465
void setTimes(RealT t0=math::Delta< RealT >::value(), RealT t1=std::numeric_limits< RealT >::max())
Definition: Ray.h:76
GLenum GLint * range
Definition: glcorearb.h:1925
Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R &xyz, const Vec3R &normal, const Vec3R &) const override
Defines the interface of the virtual function that returns a RGB color.
Definition: RayTracer.h:596
Simple generator of random numbers over the range [0, 1)
Definition: Math.h:166
void setPrimaryStep(Real primaryStep)
Set the integration step-size in voxel units for the primay ray.
Definition: RayTracer.h:184
math::Vec3< Real > Vec3R
Definition: Types.h:72
const RGBA & pixel(size_t w, size_t h) const
Definition: RayTracer.h:274
void setPixelSamples(size_t pixelSamples, unsigned int seed=0)
Set the number of pixel samples and the seed for jittered sub-rays. A value larger than one implies a...
Definition: RayTracer.h:865
Film::RGBA & pixel(size_t i, size_t j)
Definition: RayTracer.h:369
bool normalize(T eps=T(1.0e-7))
this = normalized this
Definition: Vec3.h:362
GridType
List of types that are currently supported by NanoVDB.
Definition: NanoVDB.h:294
Color shader that treats the surface normal (x, y, z) as an RGB color.
Definition: RayTracer.h:590
OIIO_UTIL_API bool copy(string_view from, string_view to, std::string &err)
void setEye(const Vec3Type &eye)
Definition: Ray.h:64
const GLdouble * v
Definition: glcorearb.h:837
typename IntersectorT::RayType RayType
Definition: RayTracer.h:153
GLsizei const GLchar *const * string
Definition: glcorearb.h:814
GLsizei const GLfloat * value
Definition: glcorearb.h:824
std::ofstream ofstream
Definition: filesystem.h:58
const GLuint GLenum const void * binary
Definition: glcorearb.h:1924
BaseCamera(Film &film, const Vec3R &rotation, const Vec3R &translation, double frameWidth, double nearPlane, double farPlane)
Definition: RayTracer.h:353
GLdouble GLdouble GLdouble z
Definition: glcorearb.h:848
GLboolean GLboolean g
Definition: glcorearb.h:1222
#define OPENVDB_REAL_TREE_INSTANTIATE(Function)
Definition: version.h:157
virtual math::Ray< double > getRay(size_t i, size_t j, double iOffset=0.5, double jOffset=0.5) const =0
Return a Ray in world space given the pixel indices and optional offsets in the range [0...
void setDir(const Vec3Type &dir)
Definition: Ray.h:66
A simple class that allows for concurrent writes to pixels in an image, background initialization of ...
Definition: RayTracer.h:225
GLboolean GLboolean GLboolean GLboolean a
Definition: glcorearb.h:1222
GLdouble s
Definition: glad.h:3009
Film(size_t width, size_t height)
Definition: RayTracer.h:264
void setCamera(BaseCamera &camera)
Set the camera derived from the abstract BaseCamera class.
Definition: RayTracer.h:170
GLuint GLsizei GLsizei * length
Definition: glcorearb.h:795
#define OPENVDB_USE_VERSION_NAMESPACE
Definition: version.h:239
Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R &xyz, const Vec3R &, const Vec3R &) const override
Defines the interface of the virtual function that returns a RGB color.
Definition: RayTracer.h:649
ImageBuf OIIO_API min(Image_or_Const A, Image_or_Const B, ROI roi={}, int nthreads=0)
GLint y
Definition: glcorearb.h:103
PerspectiveCamera(Film &film, const Vec3R &rotation=Vec3R(0.0), const Vec3R &translation=Vec3R(0.0), double focalLength=50.0, double aperture=41.2136, double nearPlane=1e-3, double farPlane=std::numeric_limits< double >::max())
Constructor.
Definition: RayTracer.h:435
void setIntersector(const IntersectorT &inter)
Set the intersector that performs the actual intersection of the rays against the volume...
Definition: RayTracer.h:968
GLuint sampler
Definition: glcorearb.h:1656
GLdouble GLdouble GLdouble q
Definition: glad.h:2445
T dot(const Vec3< T > &v) const
Dot product.
Definition: Vec3.h:191
GLuint buffer
Definition: glcorearb.h:660
Vec3d applyJacobian(const Vec3d &in, const Vec3d &) const override
Return the Jacobian of the map applied to in.
Definition: Maps.h:416
Accelerated intersection of a ray with a narrow-band level set or a generic (e.g. density) volume...
void setAbsorption(Real x, Real y, Real z)
Set absorption coefficients.
Definition: RayTracer.h:193
A (very) simple multithreaded volume render specifically for scalar density.
Definition: RayTracer.h:148
Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R &xyz, const Vec3R &, const Vec3R &) const override
Defines the interface of the virtual function that returns a RGB color.
Definition: RayTracer.h:549
void checkerboard(const RGBA &c1=RGBA(0.3f), const RGBA &c2=RGBA(0.6f), size_t size=32)
Definition: RayTracer.h:289
void setLightColor(Real r, Real g, Real b)
Set the color of the directional light source.
Definition: RayTracer.h:181
void setScattering(Real x, Real y, Real z)
Set Scattering coefficients.
Definition: RayTracer.h:190
Color shader that treats position (x, y, z) as an RGB color in a cube defined from an axis-aligned bo...
Definition: RayTracer.h:637
OrthographicCamera(Film &film, const Vec3R &rotation=Vec3R(0.0), const Vec3R &translation=Vec3R(0.0), double frameWidth=1.0, double nearPlane=1e-3, double farPlane=std::numeric_limits< double >::max())
Constructor.
Definition: RayTracer.h:493
GA_API const UT_StringHolder scale
GLint GLsizei GLsizei height
Definition: glcorearb.h:103
GLdouble n
Definition: glcorearb.h:2008
void accumPostRotation(Axis axis, double radians)
Modify the existing affine map by post-applying the given operation.
Definition: Maps.h:504
GLfloat f
Definition: glcorearb.h:1926
PositionShader(const math::BBox< Vec3R > &bbox, const Film::RGBA &c=Film::RGBA(1.0f))
Definition: RayTracer.h:669
Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R &xyz, const Vec3R &, const Vec3R &) const override
Defines the interface of the virtual function that returns a RGB color.
Definition: RayTracer.h:673
IMATH_NAMESPACE::V2f float
Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R &, const Vec3R &, const Vec3R &) const override
Defines the interface of the virtual function that returns a RGB color.
Definition: RayTracer.h:570
#define OPENVDB_INSTANTIATE_CLASS
Coord Abs(const Coord &xyz)
Definition: Coord.h:517
Shader that produces a simple matte.
Definition: RayTracer.h:543
std::unique_ptr< Type[]> convertToBitBuffer(const bool alpha=true) const
Definition: RayTracer.h:300
General-purpose arithmetic and comparison routines, most of which accept arbitrary value types (or at...
A general linear transform using homogeneous coordinates to perform rotation, scaling, shear and translation.
Definition: Maps.h:295
void postTranslate(const Vec3< T0 > &tr)
Right multiplies by the specified translation matrix, i.e. (*this) * Trans.
Definition: Mat4.h:714
PositionShader(const math::BBox< Vec3R > &bbox, const GridT &grid)
Definition: RayTracer.h:640
void setShader(const BaseShader &shader)
Set the shader derived from the abstract BaseShader class.
Definition: RayTracer.h:849
RGBA & pixel(size_t w, size_t h)
Definition: RayTracer.h:281
typename IntersectorT::GridType GridType
Definition: RayTracer.h:152
png_const_structrp png_const_inforp int * unit
Definition: png.h:2161
GLfloat GLfloat GLfloat alpha
Definition: glcorearb.h:112
void setGrid(const GridT &grid)
Set the level set grid to be ray-traced.
Definition: RayTracer.h:833
LevelSetRayTracer(const GridT &grid, const BaseShader &shader, BaseCamera &camera, size_t pixelSamples=1, unsigned int seed=0)
Constructor based on an instance of the grid to be rendered.
Definition: RayTracer.h:782
SIM_API const UT_StringHolder rotation
GLuint const GLchar * name
Definition: glcorearb.h:786
Vec3< T > unit(T eps=0) const
return normalized this, throws if null vector
Definition: Vec3.h:374
math::Ray< double > getRay(size_t i, size_t j, double iOffset=0.5, double jOffset=0.5) const override
Return a Ray in world space given the pixel indices and optional offsets in the range [0...
Definition: RayTracer.h:451
Floating-point RGBA components in the range [0, 1].
Definition: RayTracer.h:230
GLboolean GLboolean GLboolean b
Definition: glcorearb.h:1222
GA_API const UT_StringHolder transform
GLint GLenum GLint x
Definition: glcorearb.h:409
RGBA(double _r, double _g, double _b, double _a=1.0)
Definition: RayTracer.h:239
typename GridType::ConstAccessor AccessorType
Definition: RayTracer.h:155
void savePPM(const std::string &fileName)
Definition: RayTracer.h:318
Abstract base class for the shaders.
Definition: RayTracer.h:519
Vec3d applyMap(const Vec3d &in) const override
Return the image of in under the map.
Definition: Maps.h:411
void setLightDir(Real x, Real y, Real z)
Set the vector components of a directional light source.
Definition: RayTracer.h:178
GLint j
Definition: glad.h:2733
RGBA operator+(const RGBA &rhs) const
Definition: RayTracer.h:247
GLsizeiptr size
Definition: glcorearb.h:664
SYS_API double tan(double x)
Definition: SYS_FPUMath.h:75
GLfloat GLfloat GLfloat GLfloat h
Definition: glcorearb.h:2002
IMATH_HOSTDEVICE constexpr int ceil(T x) IMATH_NOEXCEPT
Definition: ImathFun.h:119
GLuint shader
Definition: glcorearb.h:785
Axis-aligned bounding box.
Definition: BBox.h:23
const Vec3T & dir() const
Definition: Ray.h:99
RGBA(ValueT _r, ValueT _g, ValueT _b, ValueT _a=static_cast< ValueT >(1.0))
Definition: RayTracer.h:236
void setCutOff(Real cutOff)
Set the cut-off value for density and transmittance.
Definition: RayTracer.h:200
void print(std::ostream &os=std::cout, int verboseLevel=1)
Print parameters, statistics, memory usage and other information.
Definition: RayTracer.h:951
Abstract base class for the perspective and orthographic cameras.
Definition: RayTracer.h:350
SYS_API double atan(double x)
Definition: SYS_FPUMath.h:77
A (very) simple multithreaded ray tracer specifically for narrow-band level sets. ...
Definition: RayTracer.h:71
ImageBuf OIIO_API max(Image_or_Const A, Image_or_Const B, ROI roi={}, int nthreads=0)
virtual BaseShader * copy() const =0
Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R &, const Vec3R &normal, const Vec3R &) const override
Defines the interface of the virtual function that returns a RGB color.
Definition: RayTracer.h:617
Film(size_t width, size_t height, const RGBA &bg)
Definition: RayTracer.h:268
void accumPostTranslation(const Vec3d &v)
Modify the existing affine map by post-applying the given operation.
Definition: Maps.h:514
GLint GLsizei width
Definition: glcorearb.h:103
Simple diffuse Lambertian surface shader.
Definition: RayTracer.h:697
void setCamera(BaseCamera &camera)
Set the camera derived from the abstract BaseCamera class.
Definition: RayTracer.h:857
void operator()(const tbb::blocked_range< size_t > &range) const
Public method required by tbb::parallel_for.
Definition: RayTracer.h:984
GLubyte GLubyte GLubyte GLubyte w
Definition: glcorearb.h:857
GLboolean r
Definition: glcorearb.h:1222
Vec3d worldToIndex(const Vec3d &xyz) const
Apply this transformation to the given coordinates.
Definition: Transform.h:110
math::Ray< double > getRay(size_t i, size_t j, double iOffset=0.5, double jOffset=0.5) const override
Return a Ray in world space given the pixel indices and optional offsets in the range [0...
Definition: RayTracer.h:504
void rayTrace(const GridT &, const BaseShader &, BaseCamera &, size_t pixelSamples=1, unsigned int seed=0, bool threaded=true)
Ray-trace a volume.
Definition: RayTracer.h:750
void operator()(const tbb::blocked_range< size_t > &range) const
Public method required by tbb::parallel_for.
Definition: RayTracer.h:892
VolumeRender(const IntersectorT &inter, BaseCamera &camera)
Constructor taking an intersector and a base camera.
Definition: RayTracer.h:915
#define OPENVDB_VERSION_NAME
The version namespace name for this library version.
Definition: version.h:119
void scaleTimes(RealT scale)
Definition: Ray.h:84
void render(bool threaded=true) const
Perform the actual (potentially multithreaded) ray-tracing.
Definition: RayTracer.h:884
bool ValueType
Definition: NanoVDB.h:5729
void setShadowStep(Real shadowStep)
Set the integration step-size in voxel units for the primay ray.
Definition: RayTracer.h:187
virtual Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R &xyz, const Vec3R &nml, const Vec3R &dir) const =0
Defines the interface of the virtual function that returns a RGB color.
Vec3R rasterToScreen(double i, double j, double z) const
Definition: RayTracer.h:390
void lookAt(const Vec3R &xyz, const Vec3R &up=Vec3R(0.0, 1.0, 0.0))
Definition: RayTracer.h:378
void fill(const RGBA &rgb=RGBA(0))
Definition: RayTracer.h:288
void setIntersector(const IntersectorT &inter)
Set the intersector that performs the actual intersection of the rays against the narrow-band level s...
Definition: RayTracer.h:841
#define OPENVDB_THROW(exception, message)
Definition: Exceptions.h:74
Type Exp(const Type &x)
Return ex.
Definition: Math.h:710
Film::RGBA operator()(const Vec3R &, const Vec3R &normal, const Vec3R &rayDir) const override
Defines the interface of the virtual function that returns a RGB color.
Definition: RayTracer.h:727